Elevate your pathology mnemonics learning using meticulously crafted mnemonics inspired by experts. Dive into an array of mnemonic tools that simplify complex diseases, treatments, and concepts.

A

Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment: aCHAlasia:

1 possible cause: CHAgas’ disease
1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]: 6 P’s:

Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Perishingly cold

Author: Shebrain Cairo University

Anemia (normocytic): causes: ABCD:

Acute blood loss
Bone marrow failure
Chronic disease
Destruction (hemolysis)

Author: Anthony Chan

Anemia causes (simplified): ANEMIA:

Anemia of chronic disease
No folate or B12
Ethanol
Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies
Iron deficient
Acute & chronic blood loss

Author: The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

Aneurysm types

Mycotic
Atherosclerotic
Dissecting
Syphilitic
Capillary microaneurysm
Arteriovenous fistula
Berry

Author: Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Atherosclerosis risk factors: “You’re a SAD BET with these risk factors”:

Sex: male
Age: middle-aged, elderly
Diabetes mellitus
BP high: hypertension
Elevated cholesterol
Tobacco

Author: HBV Morehouse School of Medicine

Addison’s disease: features: ADDISON:

Autoimmune
DIC (meningcoccus)
Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency
Iatrogenic
Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis
hypOtension/ hypOnatermia
Nelson’s syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH]

Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

APKD: signs, complications, accelerators: 11 B’s:

Signs:

Bloody urine
Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain]
Blood pressure up
Bigger kidneys
Bumps palpable
Complications:
Berry aneurysm
Biliary cysts
Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems]

Accelerators:

Boys
Blacks
Blood pressure high

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease: TIBC levels at the:

Top=Iron deficiency.
Bottom=Chronic disease.

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Alzheimer’s disease (AD): associations, findings: AD:

Associations:

Aluminum toxicity
Acetylcholine deficiencies
Amyloid B
Apolipoprotein gene E
Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert
Down’s

Findings:

Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies)
Atrophy of brain
Amyloid plaques
Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation
DNA-coiled tangles
Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed

Author: Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan

B

Blood disorders: commoner sex : HE (male) gets:

HEmophilia (X-linked)
HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked)
HEmochromatosis (male predominance)
HEart attacks (male predominance)
HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance)
SHE (female) gets:
SHEehan’s syndrome

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Buerger’s disease features: “burger SCRAPS“:

Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
Claudication (intermittent)
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Associated with smoking
Pain, even at rest
Superficial nodular phlebitis

Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], “CRISP PIG burgers“:

Chronic ulceration
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Intermittent claudication
Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis
Pain, even at rest
Phlebitis (superficial nodular)
Idiopathic
Gangrene

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Baldness risk factors : “Daddy Doesn’t Deny Getting Hair Implants”:

Diet
Disease
Drugs
Genes
Hormones
Injury to the scalp

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Bronchial obstruction: consequences: APPLE BABE:

Atelectasis
Pleural adhesions
Pleuritis
Lipid pneumonia
Effusion->organisation->fibrosis
Bronchiectasis
Abscess
Broncho and lobar pneumonia
Emphysema

Author: BB University of Queensland, Australia

Breast cancer: risk assessment: “Risk can be assessed by History ALONE“:

History (family, previous episode)
Abortion/ Age (old)
Late menopause
Obesity
Nulliparity
Early menarche

Author: Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Hong Kong University

C

Carcinoid syndrome: components: CARCinoid:

Cutaneous flushing
Asthmatic wheezing
Right sided valvular heart lesions
Cramping and diarrhea

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Cardiovascular risk factors: FLASH BODIES:

Family history
Lipids
Age
Sex
Homocystinaemia
Blood pressure
Obesity
Diabetes mellitusInflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis
Exercise
Smoking

Author: Hamish Mace Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand

Cushing syndrome: CUSHING:

Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne)
Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
Striae/ Suppressed immunity
Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism
Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation

Author: Rinku Uberoi

Cerebral palsy: general features : PALSY:

Paresis
Ataxia
Lagging motor development
Spasticity
Young

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

COPD: 4 types and hallmark: ABCDE

Asthma
Brochiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Dyspnea [hallmark of group]
Emphysema

Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

COPD: blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases

emPhysema has letter P (and not B) so Pink P
chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue B

Author: Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone: “Kinds Of Tumors Leaping Primarily To Bone”:

Kidneys
Ovaries
Testes
Lungs
Prostate
Thyroid
Breasts

Alternatively: “Promptly” instead of “Primarily”.

Alternatively: “BLT2 with a Kosher Pickle”.

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

D

Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis: DVT

Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
Venography is gold standard
Tenderness of Thigh and calf

Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes: DIC

Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications)
Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological
Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach)
Obstretrical complications are TEAR:
Toxemia of pregnancy
Emboli (amniotic)
Abrutio placentae
Retain fetus products

Author: Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan (Gujranwala)

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II

ketONE bodies are seen in type ONE

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) : Doesn’t Make D
Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein).

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

E

Edwards’ syndrome: characteristics: EDWARDS:

Eighteen (trisomy)
Digit overlapping flexion
Wide head
Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
Rocker-bottom feet
Diseased heart
Small lower jaw
- Author: Monika Kiripolsky Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Emphysema: types, most important feature of each: “Cigarettes Is Primary Problem”:

Types:

Centrilobular
Irregular
Pancinar
Paraseptal
Most important feature for each type (in order as above):
Cigarrettes
Inflammation healed to scar
Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin)
Pneumothorax

“Cigarettes is primary problem” used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema.

Keeping P’s straight: Pan is an
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors: ENDOMET:

Elderly
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Obesity
Menstrual irregularity
Estrogen therapy
hyperTension
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

F

Fat embolism: findings: “Fat, Bat, Fract“:

Fat in urine, sputum
Bat-wing lung x-ray
Fracture history

Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli.

- Author: Robert O’Connor & Rinku Uberoi

Fragile X syndrome: features: FMR1 gene

Exhibits anticpation
Macro-orchidism
Autism
Long face with large jaw
Everted eyes
Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation
- Author: Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX

Fragile-X syndrome: features: DSM-4:

Discontinued chromosome staining
Shows anticipation
Male (male more affected)
Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)
Macrognathia
Macroorchidism
- Author: Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

G

Gallstones: risk factors: 5 F’s:

Fat
Female
Family history
Fertile
Forty
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Goitre: differential : GOITRE:

Goitrogens
Onset of puberty
Iodine deficiency
Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto’s]
Reproduction [pregnancy]
Enzyme deficiencies
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings: Pseduogout crystals are:

Positive birefringent
Polygon shaped

Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals.

Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.

- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis: DARK:

Diuretics
Alcohol
Renal disease
Kicked (trauma)

And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus “dark”].

- Author: Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine

Gout: major features: GOUT:

Great toe
One joint (75% monoarticular)
Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis)
Tophi
- Author: Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College

H

Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad: “Iron man triathalon”:

Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues.
Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad:
Swimming: Skin pigmentation
Biking: Bronze diabetes
Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes: Common are 3 C’s:

Cirrhosis
Carcinoma
Cardiac failure
Rarer are 3 C’s:
Cholestasis
Cysts
Cellular infiltration
- Author: Jamal Khan Not Specified and Birmingham University Medical Student

Heart failure causes: “HEART MAy DIE”:

Hypertension
Embolism
Anemia
Rheumatic heart disease
Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
Myocardial infarct
Arrythmia
Y
Diet & lifestyle
Infection
Endocarditis
- Author: The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes : CHAPS:

Cushing’s syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn’s syndrome]
Aorta coarctation
Phaeochromocytoma
Stenosis of renal arteries

Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary.

- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Hirsutism vs. virilism

Hirsutism: Hair on body like a male.
Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male.
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels : “Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans“:

Bones: pain in bones
Stones: renal
Groans: pain
Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Hematuria: urethral causes: NUTS:

Neoplasm
Urethritis
Tumour
Stone
- Author: Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Hemophilia: type A factor

Hemophilia A: problems with VIII factor (number V as an inverted A).
- Author: Julio M. De Peña, M.D. UNIBE Med School

Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding: “Birbeck’s rackets is X“:

Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X.
Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation.
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

I

IBD: extraintestinal manifestations: “Left intestine to sail the SEAS of the rest of the body”:

Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis
Arthritis
Sclerosing cholangitis
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones

Crohn’s has Cobblestones on endoscopy.
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Interstitial lung disease: causes: SARCOIDI:

Sarcoidosis
Allergic reaction
Radiation
Connective tissue disease
Occupational exposure
Infection
Drugs
Idiopathic
- Author: Will Herrington UCL Hospital

K

Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus: FLAME:

Fatty Liver
Anemia
Malabsorption
Edema
- Author: Chris UMF Bucharest

Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria: CHILD:

5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:
Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
Idiopathic polymorphic rash
Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]
- Author: Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada

Kawasaki disease: features

Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.
Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.
Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.
Fever: thermometer.
Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.
Generalized rash: rash dots.
Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.
Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.
Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.
Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

L

Lichen planus characteristics : Planus has 4 P‘s:

Peripheral
Polygonal
Pruritus
Purple
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb: ABCDE:

Acute is:
Blasts predominate
Children
Drastic course
Elderly
Few WBC’s (so Fevers)
Chronic is all the opposites:
Mature cells predominate
Middle aged
Less debilitating course
Elevated WBC’s, so not a history of fevers and infections
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Lou Gehrig’s is both upper and lower motor neuron signs

LoU = Lower & U
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

M

MI: complications: HAS CRAPPED:

Heart failure/ Hypertension
Arrhythmia
Shock
Cardiac Rupture
Aneurysm
Pericarditis
Pulmonary Emboli
DVT
- Author: Leo University College London

MI: post-MI complications: ACT RAPID:

Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
Congestive cardiac failure
Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders
Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
Aneurysm (ventricle)
Pericarditis
Infaction (a second one)
Death/ Dressler’s syndrome
- Author: Huw Davies

MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI: “Time to CALL 911″:

From first to appear to last:
Troponin
CK-MB
AST
LDH1
- Author: Marco Foramiglio Centro de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas – PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP – Brazil

Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components: MEN III is a disease of 3 M‘s:

Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma)
Mucosal neuroma
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency vs. folate deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency also affects Brain (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration, paresthesia).
Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms.
- Author: Glen Davis Cornell University Medical College

McArdle’s syndrome: MCARDLES:

Myoglobinuria
Cramping after exercise
Accumulated glycogen
Recessive inheritance
Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
Lactate levels fail to rise
Elevated creatine kinase
Skeletal muscle only
- Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms: MARBLES:

Multiple fractures
Anemia
Restricted cranial nerves
Blind & deaf
Liver enlarged
Erlenmeyer flask deformity
Splenomegaly
Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram).
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

N

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome: PARIS:

Post-streptococcal
Alport’s
RPGN
IgA nephropathy
SLE
Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture’s [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic

nephritic list].

- Author: Knightmare Howard University College of Medicine

Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings: “Protein LEAC“:

Proteinuria
Lipid up
Edema
Albumin down
Cholesterol up
In nephrotic, the proteins leak
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers: NASOPharyngeal:

Nasophayngeal
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Olfactory neuroblastoma
Plasmacytoma
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

P

Pancreatitis: causes: PANCREATITIS:

Posterior
Alcohol
Neoplasm
Cholelithiasis
Rx (lasix, AZT)
ERCP
Abdominal surgery
Trauma
Infection (mumps)
Triglycerides elevated
Idiopathic
Scorpion bite
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

PKU findings: PKU:

Pale hair, skin
Krazy (neurological abnormalities)
Unpleasant smell
- Author: Robert O’Connor and Lior Greenberg

Pericarditis: findings: PERICarditis:

Pulsus paradoxus
ECG changes
Rub
Increased JVP
Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward]
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pick’s disease: location, action, epidemiology

Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman’s cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy.
2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal.
An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women.
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms: “PHEochromocytoma”:

Palpitations
Headache
Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis)
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Parkinsonism: essential features: TRAPS:

Tremor (resting tremor)
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural changes (stooped)
Stare (serpentine stare)

To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped.

- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group: “Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness”:

In order from birth to death:

E. coli [infants]
Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids]
Neisseria meningitis [young adults]
Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks]
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner’s syndrome: “Horner has a MAP of the Coast“:

A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner‘s syndrome, which is
MAP:
Miosis
Anhidrosis
Ptosis
- Author: Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School

Pneumothorax: presentation: P-THORAX:

Pleuretic pain
Trachea deviation
Hyperresonance
Onset sudden
Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapse
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pulmonary embolism: risk factors : TOM SCHREPFER:

Trauma
Obesity
Malignancy
Surgery
Cardiac disease
Hospitalization
Rest [bed-ridden]
Elderly
Past history
Fracture
Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum]
Road trip
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation: Morphology is poly-C:

Cysts
Capsule thickened
Cortical stromal fibrosis
Clinical presentation is OVARY:
Obese
Virilism or hirsutism
Amenorrhoea
Reproductive problem [infertile]
Young woman
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Paget’s disease of bone: signs and symptoms: Four L’s:

Larger hat size
Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve
Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face)
Light-headed (Paget’s steal)
- Author: Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine

R

Renal failure (chronic): consequences: ABCDEFG:

Anemia

-due to less EPO

Bone alterations

-osteomalacia

-osteoporosis

-von Recklinghausen

Cardiopulmonary

-atherosclerosis

-CHF

-hypertension

-pericarditis

D vitamin loss
Electrolyte imbalance

-sodium loss/gain

-metabolic acidosis

-hyperkalemia

Feverous infections

-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards

GI disturbances

-haemorrhagic gastritis

-peptic ulcer disease

-intractable hiccups

- Author: Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand

Renal failure: causes: AVID GUT:

Acute tubular necrosis
Vascular obstruction
Infection
Diffuse intravascular coagulation
Glomerular disease
Urinary obstruction
Tubulointerstitial nephritis
- Author: Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major risk factors : PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome):

Prematurity
Cesarean section
Diabetic mother
- Author: Shebrain Cairo University

S

Sarcoidosis summarized: SARCOIDOISIS:

Schaumann calcifications
Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy
Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells
Ocular lesions
Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase
Diabetes insipidus/ [D] increase/ Dyspnea
Osteopathy
Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum)
Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1
Seventh CN palsy
- Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Scrotum masses : SHOVE IT:

Spermatocele
Hydrocele/ Haematocele
Orchitis
Varicocele
Epidymal cyst
Indirect inguinal hernia
Torsion/ Tumor
- Author: Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

T

Takayasu’s disease is Pulseless disease: “Can’t Tak’a ya pulse” (Can’t take your pulse):

Takayasu’s disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities.
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs : FAT RN:

Fever
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal problems
Neurologic dysfunction
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

TTP: clinical features: Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:

Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ER admission (as it is an emergency)
- Author: Anthony Chan

Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most popular: Most Popular is P

Clinical features:
Papillae (branching)
Palpable lymph nodes
“Pupil” nuclei (Orphan Annie)
Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%).
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Thyroid storm characteristics : “Storm HITS girls cAMP“:

Thyroid storm due to:
Hyperthyroidism
Infection or Illness at childbirth
Trauma
Surgery
girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP)

Alternatively: “S#IT storm“: Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma.

- Author: Sung H. Kim & Lior Greenberg

Tabes Dorsalis morphology: DORSALIS:

Dorsal column degeneration
Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
Shooting pain
Argyll-Robertson pupils
Locomotor ataxia
Impaired proprioception
Syphilis
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Tuberous sclerosis: presenting features: “Zits, Fits, Deficits“:

Fits: seizures
Deficits: neurological deficits
- Author: Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Turner syndrome: components: CLOWNS:

Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)
Lymphoedema
Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)
Webbed neck
Nipples widely spaced
Short
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

TB: features: TB is characterised by 4 C’s:

Caseation
Calcification
Cavitation
Cicatrization
- Author: Sameh Shehata Asst. Prof of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt

U

Ulcerative colitis: features: ULCERATIONS:

Ulcers
Large intestine
Carcinoma [risk]
Extraintestinal manifestations
Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps]
Abscesses in crypts
Toxic megacolon [risk]
Inflamed, red, granular mucosa
Originates at rectum
Neutrophil invasion
Stools bloody
- Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

V

Virchow’s triad (venous thrombosis): “VIRchow”:

Vascular trauma
Increased coagulability
Reduced blood flow (stasis)
- Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms: HIPPEL:

Hemanigoblastomas
Increased renal cancer
Pheochromocytoma
Port-wine stains
Eye dysfunction
Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts
Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above.
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

W

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad: “PET WASP”:

Pyrogenic infections
Eczema
Thrombocytopenia
WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein.
Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm.
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin