A
Adrenaline mechanism: “ABC of Adrenaline”
- Adrenaline–> activates Beta receptors–> increases Cyclic AMP
- Author: Usman Ahmad
B
B vitamin names: “The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious”
In increasing order:
- Thiamine (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pyridoxine (B6)
- Cobalamin (B12)
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
BUN:creatinine elevation & causes: ABCD
- Azotremia (pre-renal)
- Bleeding (GI)
- Catabolic status
- Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
- Author: Anthony Chan
C
Citric acid cycle compounds: “Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?”
- Citrate
- Isocitrate
- alpha Ketogluterate
- Succinyl CoA
- Succinate
- Fumerate
- Malate
- Oxaloacetate
- Author: Ramon Ter-Oganesyan and Rebecca University of California Irvine
Carbon monoxide: electron transport chain target: “CO blocks CO”:=
- Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
Coagulation common pathway: factors in order: 10 + 5 – 2 = 13
- Coagulation common pathway:
- Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
-
- Author: John Chung University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine
D
DNA bond strength (nucleotides): “Crazy Glue”
- Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds.
- This is relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where RNA primer makes the initial break.
- Author: Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
E
Essential amino acids: “PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tires”
- Phe
- Val
- Thr
- Trp
- Ile
- Met
- His
- Arg
- Lue
- Lys
- Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
- ‘Never tires’: T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
Electron transport chain: Rotenone’s site of action
- Rotenone is a site specific inhibitor of complex one.
- Author: Other/Miscellaneous
Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition
- With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax.
- With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km; Vmax decreases.
- Author: Patricia Sanchez INTEC University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Enzymes: classification: “Over The HILL”
- Oxidoreductases
- Transferases
- Hydrolases
- Isomerases
- Ligases
- Lyases
- Enzymes get reaction over the hill. See diagram
- Author: Kenny Livingstone St. Andrews medical student
Enzymes: competitive inhibitors
- “Competition is hard because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity”:
- With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km increases
- Author: Waqas H. Sheikh BVI Co.
Enzymes: competitive inhibitors: “Competition is hard because we have to travel more kilometers (Km) with the same velocity”
- With competitive inhibitors, velocity remains same but Km increases
- Author: Waqas H. Sheikh BVI Co.
F
Folate deficiency: causes: A FOLIC DROP
- Alcoholism
- Folic acid antagonists
- Oral contraceptives
- Low dietary intake
- Infection with Giardia
- Celiac sprue
- Dilatin
- Relative folate deficiency
- Old
- Pregnant
- Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin
Fabry’s disease: FABRY’S
- Foam cells found in glomeruli and tubules/ Febrile episodes
- Alpha galactosidase A deficiency/ Angiokeratomas
- Burning pain in extremities/ BUN increased in serum/ Boys
- Renal failure
- YX genotype (male, X linked recessive)
- Sphingolipidoses
- Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE
G
Glycogen storage: Anderson’s (IV) vs. Cori’s (III) enzyme defect: ABCD
- Anderson’s=Branching enzyme.
- Cori’s=Debranching enzyme.
- Otherwise, can’t really distinguish clinically.
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
Glycogen storage: names of types I through VI: “Viagra Pills Cause A Major Hardon”
- Von Gierke’s
- Pompe’s
- Cori’s
- Anderson’s
- McArdle’s
- Her’s
- Author: Chris Reed Medical College of Wisconsin
Glycolysis steps: “Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies”
- Glucose
- Glucose-6-P
- Fructose-6-P
- Fructose-1,6-diP
- Dihydroxyacetone-P
- Glyceraldehyde-P
- 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
- 3-Phosphoglycerate
- 2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
- Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]
- Pyruvate
- ‘Did’, ‘By’ and ‘Pies’ tell you the first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
- ‘PrEPare’ tells location of PEP in the process.
- Author: Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services
G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia: AAA
- Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
- Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
- Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)
-
- Author: Andrew J. Vasil UMD School of Medicine, Duluth, MN
G protein type for respective receptors: “KISS and KICK till you’re SICK of SEX” (QISS and QIQ till you’re SIQ of SQS):
- This gives the G-protein type (Gq, Gi, or Gs) for all the receptors. Receptors are in alphabetical order:
- alpha1=Q
- alpha2=I
- beta1=S
- beta3=S
- M1=Q
- M2=I
- M3=Q
- D1=S
- D2=I
- H1=Q
- H2=S
- V1=Q
- V2=S
- Author: Khawaja Atif Farooq and Julien Pham Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan and University of Washington
H
Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms: “Increased Vitamin A makes you HARD”
- Headache/ Hepatomegaly
- Anorexia/ Alopecia
- Really painful bones
- Dry skin/ Drowsiness
- Author: Usman Ahmad KMC
Hemoglobin binding curve: causes of shift to right: “CADET, face right!”
- CO2
- Acid
- 2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)
- Exercise
- Temperature
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
I
Infantile Beriberi symptoms or Get 5 of ’em with BERI: Breathless/ Big hearted, Eatless, Restless, Insomnia:
- Restlessness
- Sleeplessness
- Breathlessness
- Soundlessness (aphonia)
- Eatlessness (anorexia)
- Great heartedness (dilated heart)
- Author: Usman Ahmad KMC
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
Insulin & function: INsulIN stimulates 2 things to go
- IN 2 cells: Potassium and Glucose
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
M
Metabolism sites: “Use both arms to HUG”
- Heme synthesis
- Urea cycle
- Gluconeogenesis
- These reactions occur in both cytoplasm and mitochondria.
- Author: Rinku Uberoi
P
Phosphorylation cascade: action during low glucose: “In the Phasted State, Phosphorylate”
- The phosphorylation cascade becomes active when blood glucose is low
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
Porphyrias: acute intermittent porphyria symptoms: 5 P’s
- Pain in abdomen
- Polyneuropathy
- Psychologial abnormalities
- Pink urine
- Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha drugs)
- Author: Anuradha
Phenylketonuria, which enzyme is deficient: PHenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency of
- Phenylalanine
- Hydroxylase
- Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/
Pompe’s disease type: “Police = Po + lys”
- Pompe’s disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1,4 glucosidase).
- Author: Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation: “4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy”
Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
- 4 NADH
- FADH2
- 3 CO2
- 1 GTP
- Author: Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
T
Tangier’s disease & hallmark: “Tangierene tonsils”
- Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
- Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis, just like eating tangerenes.
- Author: Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
