Subject: Histology & embryology
Semesters: 2-3
Tentative hours of lectures: hours
Tentative hours of practicals: hours
Exam: after 2 semesters
Emphasis on the CIS syllabi: It’s wise to emphasize that this Curriculum/syllabus is tentative & the subject’s distribution or teaching hours or exams might vary in different universities and CIS.

The history of the development of histology. Methods of research.
Tissue as systems of cells and their derivatives. Cells as conducting elements of a tissue. Structural components of a cell. The basic of cells vital activity.
Embryology the person. A periodization of development. The critical periods of development.
General Histology: Histology of epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Specialization of tissue in the structure of bodies. Blood, lymph, hematopoiesis.
Systemic histology: Histology of organs & systems.

To learn to define the structure and function of cells and their derivatives;
To train to define the general laws of histogenesis, structures, histophysiology, and regenerations of tissue;
To train to distinguish features of the tissue arising as a result of their specialization in various bodies;
To form skills and skills in microscope histologic preparations and identification of tissue.

1. The basic laws of the structural organization of cells and intercellular substance;
2. The basic laws of the structural organization of tissue; the basic laws of embryonic developments of tissue;
3. The histo-functional features of tissue arising as a result of their specialization in various organs.

1. to distinguish on photo-optical a level of structure of a nucleus and cytoplasm of cells;
2. to distinguish in preparations cellular and not cellular structures of tissue; to distinguish in electronic micrographs the general and special organelles of cells;
3. to define tissue elements in organs.

Skills to be developed: microscope histologic preparations; sketches of histologic preparations.

No	Topics	Hours
1.	Introduction into histology, cytology and embryology subject and tasks. The history of science.	2
2.	General and comparative embryology.	2
3.	Introduction of tissues. Epithelial tissues.	2
4.	Blood and lymph. Hematopoiesis.	2
5.	Connective tissues.	2
6.	Cartilages and bony tissues.	2
7.	Muscular tissues.	2
8.	Nerve tissue.	2
9.	Nervous system.	2
10.	Sense organs. The eye.	2
11.	Sense organs. The audio-vestibular organ.	2
12.	Circulatory system	2
13.	Immune and hemopoietic organs	2
14.	Endocrine system.	2
15.	Digestive system. Alimentary tract.	2
16.	Glands of the digestive system.	2
17.	Respiratory system.	2
18.	Urinary system.	2
19.	Male reproductive system.	2
20.	Female reproductive system.	2
	Total	40

No	Theme	Hours
1.	Histologic technique. Cytology: General structure of the cell. Superficial complex.	6
2.	Cytology: Cytoplasm structure. Cell nucleus. Cytology: Cells reproduction. Aging and death of the cell.	6
3.	General embryology. Human embryonic development. Germ cells. Fertilization. Cleavage. Implantation.	6
4.	Gastrulation. History- and organogenesis. Extraembryonic organs. Crucial periods of embryogenesis.	6
5.	Epithelial tissues. Glandular epithelium. Glands.	6
6.	Blood. Lymph. Hematopoiesis.	6
7.	Connective tissues. Loose connective tissue. Dense connective tissue. Connective tissues with special properties.	6
8.	Chondroid, bony and muscular tissues.	6
9.	Nerve tissue. Nerve cells. Glial cells. Nerve fibers. Nerve endings.	6
10.	Nervous system. Spinal ganglia. Nerve. Spinal cord.	6
11.	Cerebellum. Hemispheres of the brain. Autonomic nervous system.	6
1	Nerve system. Spinal ganglia. Nerve. Spinal cord.	6
2	Cerebellum. Hemispheres of the brain. Autonomic nerve system.	6
3.	Sense organs. Visual organ. Audiovestibular organ.	6
4.	Circulatory system	6
5.	Immune and hematopoietic organs.	6
6.	Endocrine system.	6
7.	Adrenal glands and diffuse endocrine system. Skin and its appendages.	6
8.	Digestive tube organs	6
9.	Large glands of the digestive system.	6
0.	Respiratory system. Urinary system.	6
11.	Male reproductive system. Female reproductive system.	6
12.	Menstrual cycle. Mammary glands.	6
	Total	138

Interim assessment (Chapter-wise controls) : MCQs + situational tasks & Spotter with Viva (practical)
Final exam: Spotter with Viva

MCQ

The desquamation of epithelium occurs as a result of the pathological process in the bronchus. What cell will make the bronchial epithelium regeneration?

Viva

Situational tasks

Cylindrical secretory cells are seen in a histological specimen of the gland. Their apical portions have secretory granules and protrude into the lumen, some of them are damaged.

1. What is this mode of secretion?
2. By which way of secretion the alveolar cells of mammary glands secrete the lipids?

The score ranges from 5 to 1:
- 5 is “excellent” → Otlichno
- 4 is “good” → Khorosho
- 3 is “satisfactory” → Udovletvoritel’no
- 2 is “unsatisfactory” → Neudovletvoritel’no

Basic histology. Texts and atlases, published in Northern America, 2003, 512pp.
Functional histology. Texts and colour atlas. Curchill Livingstone, International edition. Sidney. Toronto. 2000.413pp.
Text book of histology third edition, 1997. Published by Caravan Book Center. 317pp.
Laid Hussain Siddiqui. Medical histology 4^thedition, 1999. Multan Cantt 427pp.