Elevate your pathology mnemonics learning using meticulously crafted mnemonics inspired by experts. Dive into an array of mnemonic tools that simplify complex diseases, treatments, and concepts.

A

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Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment: aCHAlasia:

• 1 possible cause: CHAgas’ disease
• 1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]: 6 P’s:

• Pain
• Pallor
• Pulselessness
• Paralysis
• Paraesthesia
• Perishingly cold

Author: Shebrain Cairo University

Anemia (normocytic): causes: ABCD:

• Acute blood loss
• Bone marrow failure
• Chronic disease
• Destruction (hemolysis)

Author: Anthony Chan

Anemia causes (simplified): ANEMIA:

• Anemia of chronic disease
• No folate or B12
• Ethanol
• Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies
• Iron deficient
• Acute & chronic blood loss

Author: The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

Aneurysm types

• Mycotic
• Atherosclerotic
• Dissecting
• Syphilitic
• Capillary microaneurysm
• Arteriovenous fistula
• Berry

Author: Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Atherosclerosis risk factors: “You’re a SAD BET with these risk factors”:

• Sex: male
• Age: middle-aged, elderly
• Diabetes mellitus
• BP high: hypertension
• Elevated cholesterol
• Tobacco

Author: HBV Morehouse School of Medicine

Addison’s disease: features: ADDISON:

• Autoimmune
• DIC (meningcoccus)
• Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency
• Iatrogenic
• Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis
• hypOtension/ hypOnatermia
• Nelson’s syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH]

Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

APKD: signs, complications, accelerators: 11 B’s:

Signs:

• Bloody urine
• Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain]
• Blood pressure up
• Bigger kidneys
• Bumps palpable
• ­ Complications:
• Berry aneurysm
• Biliary cysts
• Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems]

Accelerators:

• Boys
• Blacks
• Blood pressure high

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease: TIBC levels at the:

• Top=Iron deficiency.
• Bottom=Chronic disease.

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Alzheimer’s disease (AD): associations, findings: AD:

Associations:

• Aluminum toxicity
• Acetylcholine deficiencies
• Amyloid B
• Apolipoprotein gene E
• Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert
• Down’s

Findings:

• Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies)
• Atrophy of brain
• Amyloid plaques
• Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation
• DNA-coiled tangles
• Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed

Author: Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan

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B

Blood disorders: commoner sex : HE (male) gets:

• HEmophilia (X-linked)
• HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked)
• HEmochromatosis (male predominance)
• HEart attacks (male predominance)
• HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance)
• SHE (female) gets:
• SHEehan’s syndrome

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Buerger’s disease features: “burger SCRAPS“:

• Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
• Claudication (intermittent)
• Raynaud’s phenomenon
• Associated with smoking
• Pain, even at rest
• Superficial nodular phlebitis

Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], “CRISP PIG burgers“:

• Chronic ulceration
• Raynaud’s phenomenon
• Intermittent claudication
• Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis
• Pain, even at rest
• Phlebitis (superficial nodular)
• Idiopathic
• Gangrene

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Baldness risk factors : “Daddy Doesn’t Deny Getting Hair Implants”:

• Diet
• Disease
• Drugs
• Genes
• Hormones
• Injury to the scalp

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Bronchial obstruction: consequences: APPLE BABE:

• Atelectasis
• Pleural adhesions
• Pleuritis
• Lipid pneumonia
• Effusion->organisation->fibrosis
• Bronchiectasis
• Abscess
• Broncho and lobar pneumonia
• Emphysema

Author: BB University of Queensland, Australia

Breast cancer: risk assessment: “Risk can be assessed by History ALONE“:

• History (family, previous episode)
• Abortion/ Age (old)
• Late menopause
• Obesity
• Nulliparity
• Early menarche

Author: Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Hong Kong University

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C

Carcinoid syndrome: components: CARCinoid:

• Cutaneous flushing
• Asthmatic wheezing
• Right sided valvular heart lesions
• Cramping and diarrhea

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Cardiovascular risk factors: FLASH BODIES:

• Family history
• Lipids
• Age
• Sex
• Homocystinaemia
• Blood pressure
• Obesity
• Diabetes mellitusInflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis
• Exercise
• Smoking

Author: Hamish Mace Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand

Cushing syndrome: CUSHING:

• Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne)
• Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
• Striae/ Suppressed immunity
• Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism
• Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
• Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
• Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation

Author: Rinku Uberoi

Cerebral palsy: general features : PALSY:

• Paresis
• Ataxia
• Lagging motor development
• Spasticity
• Young

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

COPD: 4 types and hallmark: ABCDE

• Asthma
• Brochiectasis
• Chronic bronchitis
• Dyspnea [hallmark of group]
• Emphysema

Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

COPD: blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases

• emPhysema has letter P (and not B) so Pink P
• chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue B

Author: Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone: “Kinds Of Tumors Leaping Primarily To Bone”:

• Kidneys
• Ovaries
• Testes
• Lungs
• Prostate
• Thyroid
• Breasts

Alternatively: “Promptly” instead of “Primarily”.

Alternatively: “BLT2 with a Kosher Pickle”.

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

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D

Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis: DVT

• Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
• Venography is gold standard
• Tenderness of Thigh and calf

Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes: DIC

• Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications)
• Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological
• Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach)
• ­ Obstretrical complications are TEAR:
• Toxemia of pregnancy
• Emboli (amniotic)
• Abrutio placentae
• Retain fetus products

Author: Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan (Gujranwala)

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II

• ketONE bodies are seen in type ONE

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) : Doesn’t Make D
• Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein).

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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E

Edwards’ syndrome: characteristics: EDWARDS:

• Eighteen (trisomy)
• Digit overlapping flexion
• Wide head
• Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
• Rocker-bottom feet
• Diseased heart
• Small lower jaw
  • Author: Monika Kiripolsky Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

Emphysema: types, most important feature of each: “Cigarettes Is Primary Problem”:

Types:

• Centrilobular
• Irregular
• Pancinar
• Paraseptal
• ­ Most important feature for each type (in order as above):
• Cigarrettes
• Inflammation healed to scar
• Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin)
• Pneumothorax

“Cigarettes is primary problem” used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema.

• ­ Keeping P’s straight: Pan is an
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors: ENDOMET:

• Elderly
• Nulliparity
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Menstrual irregularity
• Estrogen therapy
• hyperTension
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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F

Fat embolism: findings: “Fat, Bat, Fract“:

• Fat in urine, sputum
• Bat-wing lung x-ray
• Fracture history

Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli.

• • Author: Robert O’Connor & Rinku Uberoi

Fragile X syndrome: features: FMR1 gene

• Exhibits anticpation
• Macro-orchidism
• Autism
• Long face with large jaw
• Everted eyes
• Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation
  • Author: Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX

Fragile-X syndrome: features: DSM-4:

• Discontinued chromosome staining
• Shows anticipation
• Male (male more affected)
• Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)
• Macrognathia
• Macroorchidism
  • Author: Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

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G

Gallstones: risk factors: 5 F’s:

• Fat
• Female
• Family history
• Fertile
• Forty
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Goitre: differential : GOITRE:

• Goitrogens
• Onset of puberty
• Iodine deficiency
• Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto’s]
• Reproduction [pregnancy]
• Enzyme deficiencies
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings: Pseduogout crystals are:

• Positive birefringent
• Polygon shaped

Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals.

Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.

• • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis: DARK:

• Diuretics
• Alcohol
• Renal disease
• Kicked (trauma)

And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus “dark”].

• • Author: Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine

Gout: major features: GOUT:

• Great toe
• One joint (75% monoarticular)
• Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis)
• Tophi
  • Author: Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College

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H

Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad: “Iron man triathalon”:

• Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues.
• ­Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad:
• Swimming: Skin pigmentation
• Biking: Bronze diabetes
• Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes: Common are 3 C’s:

• Cirrhosis
• Carcinoma
• Cardiac failure
• Rarer are 3 C’s:
• Cholestasis
• Cysts
• Cellular infiltration
  • Author: Jamal Khan Not Specified and Birmingham University Medical Student

Heart failure causes: “HEART MAy DIE”:

• Hypertension
• Embolism
• Anemia
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
• Myocardial infarct
• Arrythmia
• Y
• Diet & lifestyle
• Infection
• Endocarditis
  • Author: The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes : CHAPS:

• Cushing’s syndrome
• Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn’s syndrome]
• Aorta coarctation
• Phaeochromocytoma
• Stenosis of renal arteries

Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary.

• • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Hirsutism vs. virilism

• Hirsutism: Hair on body like a male.
• Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male.
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels : “Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans“:

• Bones: pain in bones
• Stones: renal
• Groans: pain
• Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Hematuria: urethral causes: NUTS:

• Neoplasm
• Urethritis
• Tumour
• Stone
  • Author: Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Hemophilia: type A factor

• Hemophilia A: problems with VIII factor (number V as an inverted A).
  • Author: Julio M. De Peña, M.D. UNIBE Med School

Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding: “Birbeck’s rackets is X“:

• Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X.
• Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation.
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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I

IBD: extraintestinal manifestations: “Left intestine to sail the SEAS of the rest of the body”:

• Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
• Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis
• Arthritis
• Sclerosing cholangitis
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones

• Crohn’s has Cobblestones on endoscopy.
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Interstitial lung disease: causes: SARCOIDI:

• Sarcoidosis
• Allergic reaction
• Radiation
• Connective tissue disease
• Occupational exposure
• Infection
• Drugs
• Idiopathic
  • Author: Will Herrington UCL Hospital

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K

Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus: FLAME:

• Fatty Liver
• Anemia
• Malabsorption
• Edema
  • Author: Chris UMF Bucharest

Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria: CHILD:

• 5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:
• Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
• Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
• Idiopathic polymorphic rash
• Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
• Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]
  • Author: Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada

Kawasaki disease: features

• Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.
• Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.
• Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.
• Fever: thermometer.
• Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.
• Generalized rash: rash dots.
• Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.
• Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.
• Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.
• Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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L

Lichen planus characteristics : Planus has 4 P‘s:

• Peripheral
• Polygonal
• Pruritus
• Purple
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb: ABCDE:

• Acute is:
• Blasts predominate
• Children
• Drastic course
• Elderly
• Few WBC’s (so Fevers)
• ­ Chronic is all the opposites:
• Mature cells predominate
• Middle aged
• Less debilitating course
• Elevated WBC’s, so not a history of fevers and infections
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Lou Gehrig’s is both upper and lower motor neuron signs

• LoU = Lower & U
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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M

MI: complications: HAS CRAPPED:

• Heart failure/ Hypertension
• Arrhythmia
• Shock
• Cardiac Rupture
• Aneurysm
• Pericarditis
• Pulmonary Emboli
• DVT
  • Author: Leo University College London

MI: post-MI complications: ACT RAPID:

• Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
• Congestive cardiac failure
• Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders
• Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
• Aneurysm (ventricle)
• Pericarditis
• Infaction (a second one)
• Death/ Dressler’s syndrome
  • Author: Huw Davies

MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI: “Time to CALL 911″:

• ­ From first to appear to last:
• Troponin
• CK-MB
• AST
• LDH1
  • Author: Marco Foramiglio Centro de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas – PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP – Brazil

Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components: MEN III is a disease of 3 M‘s:

• Medullary thyroid carcinoma
• Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma)
• Mucosal neuroma
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency vs. folate deficiency

• Vitamin B12 deficiency also affects Brain (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration, paresthesia).
• ­ Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms.
  • Author: Glen Davis Cornell University Medical College

McArdle’s syndrome: MCARDLES:

• Myoglobinuria
• Cramping after exercise
• Accumulated glycogen
• Recessive inheritance
• Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
• Lactate levels fail to rise
• Elevated creatine kinase
• Skeletal muscle only
  • Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms: MARBLES:

• Multiple fractures
• Anemia
• Restricted cranial nerves
• Blind & deaf
• Liver enlarged
• Erlenmeyer flask deformity
• Splenomegaly
• ­ Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram).
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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N

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome: PARIS:

• Post-streptococcal
• Alport’s
• RPGN
• IgA nephropathy
• SLE
• Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture’s [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic

nephritic list].

• • Author: Knightmare Howard University College of Medicine

Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings: “Protein LEAC“:

• Proteinuria
• Lipid up
• Edema
• Albumin down
• Cholesterol up
• ­ In nephrotic, the proteins leak
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers: NASOPharyngeal:

• Nasophayngeal
• Adenocarcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Olfactory neuroblastoma
• Plasmacytoma
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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P

Pancreatitis: causes: PANCREATITIS:

• Posterior
• Alcohol
• Neoplasm
• Cholelithiasis
• Rx (lasix, AZT)
• ERCP
• Abdominal surgery
• Trauma
• Infection (mumps)
• Triglycerides elevated
• Idiopathic
• Scorpion bite
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

PKU findings: PKU:

• Pale hair, skin
• Krazy (neurological abnormalities)
• Unpleasant smell
  • Author: Robert O’Connor and Lior Greenberg

Pericarditis: findings: PERICarditis:

• Pulsus paradoxus
• ECG changes
• Rub
• Increased JVP
• Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward]
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pick’s disease: location, action, epidemiology

• Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman’s cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy.
• 2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal.
• An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women.
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms: “PHEochromocytoma”:

• Palpitations
• Headache
• Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis)
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Parkinsonism: essential features: TRAPS:

• Tremor (resting tremor)
• Rigidity
• Akinesia
• Postural changes (stooped)
• Stare (serpentine stare)

To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped.

• • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group: “Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness”:

In order from birth to death:

• E. coli [infants]
• Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids]
• Neisseria meningitis [young adults]
• Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks]
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner’s syndrome: “Horner has a MAP of the Coast“:

• A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner‘s syndrome, which is
• MAP:
• Miosis
• Anhidrosis
• Ptosis
  • Author: Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School

Pneumothorax: presentation: P-THORAX:

• Pleuretic pain
• Trachea deviation
• Hyperresonance
• Onset sudden
• Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
• Absent fremitus
• X-ray shows collapse
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Pulmonary embolism: risk factors : TOM SCHREPFER:

• Trauma
• Obesity
• Malignancy
• Surgery
• Cardiac disease
• Hospitalization
• Rest [bed-ridden]
• Elderly
• Past history
• Fracture
• Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum]
• Road trip
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation: Morphology is poly-C:

• Cysts
• Capsule thickened
• Cortical stromal fibrosis
• ­ Clinical presentation is OVARY:
• Obese
• Virilism or hirsutism
• Amenorrhoea
• Reproductive problem [infertile]
• Young woman
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Paget’s disease of bone: signs and symptoms: Four L’s:

• Larger hat size
• Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve
• Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face)
• Light-headed (Paget’s steal)
  • Author: Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine

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R

Renal failure (chronic): consequences: ABCDEFG:

• Anemia

-due to less EPO

• Bone alterations

-osteomalacia

-osteoporosis

-von Recklinghausen

• Cardiopulmonary

-atherosclerosis

-CHF

-hypertension

-pericarditis

• D vitamin loss
• Electrolyte imbalance

-sodium loss/gain

-metabolic acidosis

-hyperkalemia

• Feverous infections

-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards

• GI disturbances

-haemorrhagic gastritis

-peptic ulcer disease

-intractable hiccups

• • Author: Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand

Renal failure: causes: AVID GUT:

• Acute tubular necrosis
• Vascular obstruction
• Infection
• Diffuse intravascular coagulation
• Glomerular disease
• Urinary obstruction
• Tubulointerstitial nephritis
  • Author: Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major risk factors : PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome):

• Prematurity
• Cesarean section
• Diabetic mother
  • Author: Shebrain Cairo University

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S

Sarcoidosis summarized: SARCOIDOISIS:

• Schaumann calcifications
• Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy
• Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells
• Ocular lesions
• Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase
• Diabetes insipidus/ [D] increase/ Dyspnea
• Osteopathy
• Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum)
• Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1
• Seventh CN palsy
  • Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Scrotum masses : SHOVE IT:

• Spermatocele
• Hydrocele/ Haematocele
• Orchitis
• Varicocele
• Epidymal cyst
• Indirect inguinal hernia
• Torsion/ Tumor
  • Author: Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

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T

Takayasu’s disease is Pulseless disease: “Can’t Tak’a ya pulse” (Can’t take your pulse):

• Takayasu’s disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities.
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs : FAT RN:

• Fever
• Anemia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Renal problems
• Neurologic dysfunction
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

TTP: clinical features: Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:

• Platelet count low
• Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
• Renal failure
• Temperature rise
• Neurological deficits
• ER admission (as it is an emergency)
  • Author: Anthony Chan

Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most popular: Most Popular is P

• ­ Clinical features:
• Papillae (branching)
• Palpable lymph nodes
• “Pupil” nuclei (Orphan Annie)
• Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
• ­ Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%).
  • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

Thyroid storm characteristics : “Storm HITS girls cAMP“:

• Thyroid storm due to:
• Hyperthyroidism
• Infection or Illness at childbirth
• Trauma
• Surgery
• ­ girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
• ­ cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP)

Alternatively: “S#IT storm“: Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma.

• • Author: Sung H. Kim & Lior Greenberg

Tabes Dorsalis morphology: DORSALIS:

• Dorsal column degeneration
• Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
• Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
• Shooting pain
• Argyll-Robertson pupils
• Locomotor ataxia
• Impaired proprioception
• Syphilis
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Tuberous sclerosis: presenting features: “Zits, Fits, Deficits“:

• Fits: seizures
• Deficits: neurological deficits
  • Author: Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Turner syndrome: components: CLOWNS:

• Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)
• Lymphoedema
• Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)
• Webbed neck
• Nipples widely spaced
• Short
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

TB: features: TB is characterised by 4 C’s:

• Caseation
• Calcification
• Cavitation
• Cicatrization
  • Author: Sameh Shehata Asst. Prof of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt

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U

Ulcerative colitis: features: ULCERATIONS:

• Ulcers
• Large intestine
• Carcinoma [risk]
• Extraintestinal manifestations
• Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps]
• Abscesses in crypts
• Toxic megacolon [risk]
• Inflamed, red, granular mucosa
• Originates at rectum
• Neutrophil invasion
• Stools bloody
  • Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

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V

Virchow’s triad (venous thrombosis): “VIRchow”:

• Vascular trauma
• Increased coagulability
• Reduced blood flow (stasis)
  • Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms: HIPPEL:

• Hemanigoblastomas
• Increased renal cancer
• Pheochromocytoma
• Port-wine stains
• Eye dysfunction
• Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts
• ­ Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above.
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

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W

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad: “PET WASP”:

• Pyrogenic infections
• Eczema
• Thrombocytopenia
• ­ WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein.
• ­ Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm.
  • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

Wernicke-Korsakoff’s psychosis: findings: COAT RACK:

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (acute phase):

• Confusion
• Ophthalmoplegia
• Ataxia
• Thiamine tx.

Korsakoff’s psychosis (chronic phase):

• Retrograde amnesia
• Anterograde amnesia
• Confabulation
• Korsakoff’s psychosis
  • Author: HBV Morehouse School of Medicine