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Home Mnemonics

Pathology Mnemonics

Dr.NM Tamilmani by Dr.NM Tamilmani
September 20, 2023
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Elevate your pathology mnemonics learning using meticulously crafted mnemonics inspired by experts. Dive into an array of mnemonic tools that simplify complex diseases, treatments, and concepts.

A


Achalasia: 1 possible cause, 1 treatment: aCHAlasia:

  • 1 possible cause: CHAgas’ disease
  • 1 treatment: Ca++ CHAnnel blockers

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Acute ischemia: signs [especially limbs]: 6 P’s:

  • Pain
  • Pallor
  • Pulselessness
  • Paralysis
  • Paraesthesia
  • Perishingly cold

Author: Shebrain Cairo University

 

Anemia (normocytic): causes: ABCD:

  • Acute blood loss
  • Bone marrow failure
  • Chronic disease
  • Destruction (hemolysis)

Author: Anthony Chan

 

Anemia causes (simplified): ANEMIA:

  • Anemia of chronic disease
  • No folate or B12
  • Ethanol
  • Marrow failure & hemaglobinopathies
  • Iron deficient
  • Acute & chronic blood loss

Author: The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

 

Aneurysm types

  • Mycotic
  • Atherosclerotic
  • Dissecting
  • Syphilitic
  • Capillary microaneurysm
  • Arteriovenous fistula
  • Berry

Author: Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

 

Atherosclerosis risk factors: “You’re a SAD BET with these risk factors”:

  • Sex: male
  • Age: middle-aged, elderly
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • BP high: hypertension
  • Elevated cholesterol
  • Tobacco

Author: HBV Morehouse School of Medicine

 

Addison’s disease: features: ADDISON:

  • Autoimmune
  • DIC (meningcoccus)
  • Destruction by cancer, infection, vascular insufficiency
  • Iatrogenic
  • Sarcoidosis, granulomatous such as TB histiomycosis
  • hypOtension/ hypOnatermia
  • Nelson’s syndrome [post adrelectomy, increased ACTH]

Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

 

APKD: signs, complications, accelerators: 11 B’s:

Signs:

  • Bloody urine
  • Bilateral pain [vs. stones, which are usually unilateral pain]
  • Blood pressure up
  • Bigger kidneys
  • Bumps palpable
  • ­ Complications:
  • Berry aneurysm
  • Biliary cysts
  • Bicuspid valve [prolapse and other problems]

Accelerators:

  • Boys
  • Blacks
  • Blood pressure high

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Anemia: TIBC finding to differentiate iron deficiency vs. chronic disease: TIBC levels at the:

  • Top=Iron deficiency.
  • Bottom=Chronic disease.

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Alzheimer’s disease (AD): associations, findings: AD:

Associations:

  • Aluminum toxicity
  • Acetylcholine deficiencies
  • Amyloid B
  • Apolipoprotein gene E
  • Altered nucleus basalis of Meynert
  • Down’s

Findings:

  • Actin inclusions (Hirano bodies)
  • Atrophy of brain
  • Amyloid plaques
  • Aphasia, Apraxia, Agitation
  • DNA-coiled tangles
  • Dementia, Disoriented, Depressed

Author: Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Gujranwala, Pakistan


B

Blood disorders: commoner sex : HE (male) gets:

  • HEmophilia (X-linked)
  • HEinz bodies (G6PD deficiency, causing HEmolytic anemia: X-linked)
  • HEmochromatosis (male predominance)
  • HEart attacks (male predominance)
  • HEnoch-Schonlein purpura (male predominance)
  • SHE (female) gets:
  • SHEehan’s syndrome

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Buerger’s disease features: “burger SCRAPS“:

  • Segmenting thrombosing vasculitis
  • Claudication (intermittent)
  • Raynaud’s phenomenon
  • Associated with smoking
  • Pain, even at rest
  • Superficial nodular phlebitis

Alternatively, if hungry for more detail [sic], “CRISP PIG burgers“:

  • Chronic ulceration
  • Raynaud’s phenomenon
  • Intermittent claudication
  • Segmenting, thrombosing vasculitis
  • Pain, even at rest
  • Phlebitis (superficial nodular)
  • Idiopathic
  • Gangrene

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Baldness risk factors : “Daddy Doesn’t Deny Getting Hair Implants”:

  • Diet
  • Disease
  • Drugs
  • Genes
  • Hormones
  • Injury to the scalp

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Bronchial obstruction: consequences: APPLE BABE:

  • Atelectasis
  • Pleural adhesions
  • Pleuritis
  • Lipid pneumonia
  • Effusion->organisation->fibrosis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Abscess
  • Broncho and lobar pneumonia
  • Emphysema

Author: BB University of Queensland, Australia

 

Breast cancer: risk assessment: “Risk can be assessed by History ALONE“:

  • History (family, previous episode)
  • Abortion/ Age (old)
  • Late menopause
  • Obesity
  • Nulliparity
  • Early menarche

Author: Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Hong Kong University


C

Carcinoid syndrome: components: CARCinoid:

  • Cutaneous flushing
  • Asthmatic wheezing
  • Right sided valvular heart lesions
  • Cramping and diarrhea

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Cardiovascular risk factors: FLASH BODIES:

  • Family history
  • Lipids
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Homocystinaemia
  • Blood pressure
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes mellitusInflammation (raised CRP)/ Increased thrombosis
  • Exercise
  • Smoking

Author: Hamish Mace Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand

 

Cushing syndrome: CUSHING:

  • Central obesity/ Cervical fat pads/ Collagen fiber weakness/ Comedones (acne)
  • Urinary free corisol and glucose increase
  • Striae/ Suppressed immunity
  • Hypercortisolism/ Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia/ Hirsutism
  • Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids)
  • Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms)
  • Glucose intolerance/ Growth retardation

Author: Rinku Uberoi

 

Cerebral palsy: general features : PALSY:

  • Paresis
  • Ataxia
  • Lagging motor development
  • Spasticity
  • Young

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

COPD: 4 types and hallmark: ABCDE

  • Asthma
  • Brochiectasis
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Dyspnea [hallmark of group]
  • Emphysema

Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

COPD: blue bloater vs. pink puffer diseases

  • emPhysema has letter P (and not B) so Pink P
  • chronic Bronchitis has letter B (and not P) so Blue B

Author: Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

 

Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone: “Kinds Of Tumors Leaping Primarily To Bone”:

  • Kidneys
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Lungs
  • Prostate
  • Thyroid
  • Breasts

Alternatively: “Promptly” instead of “Primarily”.

Alternatively: “BLT2 with a Kosher Pickle”.

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 


D

Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis: DVT

  • Dilated superficial veins/ Discoloration/ Doppler ultrasound
  • Venography is gold standard
  • Tenderness of Thigh and calf

Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

 

Disseminated Intravascular Cogulation: causes: DIC

  • Delivery TEAR (obstetric complications)
  • Infections (gram negative)/ Immunological
  • Cancer (prostate, pancreas, lung, stomach)
  • ­ Obstretrical complications are TEAR:
  • Toxemia of pregnancy
  • Emboli (amniotic)
  • Abrutio placentae
  • Retain fetus products

Author: Khawaja Atif Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan (Gujranwala)

 

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II

  • ketONE bodies are seen in type ONE

Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy

  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) : Doesn’t Make D
  • Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein).

Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin


E

Edwards’ syndrome: characteristics: EDWARDS:

  • Eighteen (trisomy)
  • Digit overlapping flexion
  • Wide head
  • Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
  • Rocker-bottom feet
  • Diseased heart
  • Small lower jaw
    • Author: Monika Kiripolsky Vanderbilt University School of Medicine

 

Emphysema: types, most important feature of each: “Cigarettes Is Primary Problem”:

Types:

  • Centrilobular
  • Irregular
  • Pancinar
  • Paraseptal
  • ­ Most important feature for each type (in order as above):
  • Cigarrettes
  • Inflammation healed to scar
  • Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin)
  • Pneumothorax

“Cigarettes is primary problem” used since cigarettes is most common cause of emphysema.

  • ­ Keeping P’s straight: Pan is an
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Endometrial carcinoma: risk factors: ENDOMET:

  • Elderly
  • Nulliparity
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Menstrual irregularity
  • Estrogen therapy
  • hyperTension
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

F

Fat embolism: findings: “Fat, Bat, Fract“:

  • Fat in urine, sputum
  • Bat-wing lung x-ray
  • Fracture history

Also, fracture of FEMur causes Fat EMboli.

    • Author: Robert O’Connor & Rinku Uberoi

 

Fragile X syndrome: features: FMR1 gene

  • Exhibits anticpation
  • Macro-orchidism
  • Autism
  • Long face with large jaw
  • Everted eyes
  • Second most common casue of genetic mental retardation
    • Author: Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX

 

Fragile-X syndrome: features: DSM-4:

  • Discontinued chromosome staining
  • Shows anticipation
  • Male (male more affected)
  • Mental retardation (2nd most common genetic cause)
  • Macrognathia
  • Macroorchidism
    • Author: Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

G

Gallstones: risk factors: 5 F’s:

  • Fat
  • Female
  • Family history
  • Fertile
  • Forty
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Goitre: differential : GOITRE:

  • Goitrogens
  • Onset of puberty
  • Iodine deficiency
  • Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto’s]
  • Reproduction [pregnancy]
  • Enzyme deficiencies
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Gout vs. pseudogout: crystal lab findings: Pseduogout crystals are:

  • Positive birefringent
  • Polygon shaped

Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals.

Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi.

    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis: DARK:

  • Diuretics
  • Alcohol
  • Renal disease
  • Kicked (trauma)

And, the attack occurs most often at night [thus “dark”].

    • Author: Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine

 

Gout: major features: GOUT:

  • Great toe
  • One joint (75% monoarticular)
  • Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis)
  • Tophi
    • Author: Harsh Sharma BJ Medical College

H

Haemochromatosis definition, classic triad: “Iron man triathalon”:

  • Iron man: deposition of iron in many body tissues.
  • ­Triathalon has 3 components, which match triad:
  • Swimming: Skin pigmentation
  • Biking: Bronze diabetes
  • Marathon: Micronodular pigment cirrhosis
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Hepatomegaly: 3 common causes, 3 rarer causes: Common are 3 C’s:

  • Cirrhosis
  • Carcinoma
  • Cardiac failure
  • Rarer are 3 C’s:
  • Cholestasis
  • Cysts
  • Cellular infiltration
    • Author: Jamal Khan Not Specified and Birmingham University Medical Student

 

Heart failure causes: “HEART MAy DIE”:

  • Hypertension
  • Embolism
  • Anemia
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Thyrotoxicosis (incl. pregnancy)
  • Myocardial infarct
  • Arrythmia
  • Y
  • Diet & lifestyle
  • Infection
  • Endocarditis
    • Author: The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

 

Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes : CHAPS:

  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn’s syndrome]
  • Aorta coarctation
  • Phaeochromocytoma
  • Stenosis of renal arteries

Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary.

    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Hirsutism vs. virilism

  • Hirsutism: Hair on body like a male.
  • Virilism: Voice and rest of secondary sexual characteristics like a male.
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels : “Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans“:

  • Bones: pain in bones
  • Stones: renal
  • Groans: pain
  • Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Hematuria: urethral causes: NUTS:

  • Neoplasm
  • Urethritis
  • Tumour
  • Stone
    • Author: Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

 

Hemophilia: type A factor

  • Hemophilia A: problems with VIII factor (number V as an inverted A).
    • Author: Julio M. De Peña, M.D. UNIBE Med School

 

Histiocytosis X: hallmark finding: “Birbeck’s rackets is X“:

  • Tennis rackets under electron microscope is Histiocystosis X.
  • Consider 2 tennis rackets in an X formation.
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

I

IBD: extraintestinal manifestations: “Left intestine to sail the SEAS of the rest of the body”:

  • Skin manifestations: erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum
  • Eye inflammation: iritis, episcleritis
  • Arthritis
  • Sclerosing cholangitis
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: which has cobblestones

  • Crohn’s has Cobblestones on endoscopy.
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Interstitial lung disease: causes: SARCOIDI:

  • Sarcoidosis
  • Allergic reaction
  • Radiation
  • Connective tissue disease
  • Occupational exposure
  • Infection
  • Drugs
  • Idiopathic
    • Author: Will Herrington UCL Hospital

K

Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus: FLAME:

  • Fatty Liver
  • Anemia
  • Malabsorption
  • Edema
    • Author: Chris UMF Bucharest

 

Kawasaki disease: diagnostic criteria: CHILD:

  • 5 letters=5 days, >5 years old, 5 out 6 criteria for diagnosis:
  • Conjuctivitis (bilateral)
  • Hyperthermia (fever) >5 days
  • Idiopathic polymorphic rash
  • Lymphoadenopathy (cervical)
  • Dryness & redness of (i)lips & month (ii)palms & soles [2 separate criteria]
    • Author: Wen Sun Lum University of Calgary, Canada

 

Kawasaki disease: features

  • Disease name: a Kawasaki motorcycle.
  • Usually young children, epidemic in Japan: Japanese child rides the motorcycle.
  • Conjunctival, oral erythema: red eyes, mouth.
  • Fever: thermometer.
  • Erythema of palms, soles: red palms, soles.
  • Generalized rash: rash dots.
  • Cervical lymphadenitis: enlarged cervical nodes with inflammation arrows.
  • Vasculitis of arteries: inflammation arrows on arteries.
  • Cardiovascular sequelae [20%]: inflammation arrows on cardiac arteries.
  • Treat with aspirin: aspirin headlight.
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

L

Lichen planus characteristics : Planus has 4 P‘s:

  • Peripheral
  • Polygonal
  • Pruritus
  • Purple
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Leukemias: acute vs. chronic rules of thumb: ABCDE:

  • Acute is:
  • Blasts predominate
  • Children
  • Drastic course
  • Elderly
  • Few WBC’s (so Fevers)
  • ­ Chronic is all the opposites:
  • Mature cells predominate
  • Middle aged
  • Less debilitating course
  • Elevated WBC’s, so not a history of fevers and infections
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Lou Gehrig’s is both upper and lower motor neuron signs

  • LoU = Lower & U
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

M

MI: complications: HAS CRAPPED:

  • Heart failure/ Hypertension
  • Arrhythmia
  • Shock
  • Cardiac Rupture
  • Aneurysm
  • Pericarditis
  • Pulmonary Emboli
  • DVT
    • Author: Leo University College London

 

MI: post-MI complications: ACT RAPID:

  • Arrhythmias (SVT, VT, VF)
  • Congestive cardiac failure
  • Tamponade/ Thromboembolic disorders
  • Rupture (ventricle, septum, papillary muscle)
  • Aneurysm (ventricle)
  • Pericarditis
  • Infaction (a second one)
  • Death/ Dressler’s syndrome
    • Author: Huw Davies

 

MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI: “Time to CALL 911″:

  • ­ From first to appear to last:
  • Troponin
  • CK-MB
  • AST
  • LDH1
    • Author: Marco Foramiglio Centro de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas – PUC/SP- Sorocaba/SP – Brazil

 

Multiple endocrine neoplasia III: components: MEN III is a disease of 3 M‘s:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma
  • Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma)
  • Mucosal neuroma
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Megaloblastic anemia: vitamin B12 deficiency vs. folate deficiency

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency also affects Brain (optic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration, paresthesia).
  • ­ Folate deficiency is not associated with neurological symptoms.
    • Author: Glen Davis Cornell University Medical College

 

McArdle’s syndrome: MCARDLES:

  • Myoglobinuria
  • Cramping after exercise
  • Accumulated glycogen
  • Recessive inheritance
  • Deficiency of muscle phosphorylase
  • Lactate levels fail to rise
  • Elevated creatine kinase
  • Skeletal muscle only
    • Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

 

Marble bone disease: signs and symptoms: MARBLES:

  • Multiple fractures
  • Anemia
  • Restricted cranial nerves
  • Blind & deaf
  • Liver enlarged
  • Erlenmeyer flask deformity
  • Splenomegaly
  • ­ Eponymous name: Marbles = Albers-Schonberg (anagram).
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

N

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome: PARIS:

  • Post-streptococcal
  • Alport’s
  • RPGN
  • IgA nephropathy
  • SLE
  • Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture’s [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes included in the classic

nephritic list].

    • Author: Knightmare Howard University College of Medicine

 

Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings: “Protein LEAC“:

  • Proteinuria
  • Lipid up
  • Edema
  • Albumin down
  • Cholesterol up
  • ­ In nephrotic, the proteins leak
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Nasopharyngeal malignant cancers: NASOPharyngeal:

  • Nasophayngeal
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Olfactory neuroblastoma
  • Plasmacytoma
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

P

Pancreatitis: causes: PANCREATITIS:

  • Posterior
  • Alcohol
  • Neoplasm
  • Cholelithiasis
  • Rx (lasix, AZT)
  • ERCP
  • Abdominal surgery
  • Trauma
  • Infection (mumps)
  • Triglycerides elevated
  • Idiopathic
  • Scorpion bite
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

PKU findings: PKU:

  • Pale hair, skin
  • Krazy (neurological abnormalities)
  • Unpleasant smell
    • Author: Robert O’Connor and Lior Greenberg

 

Pericarditis: findings: PERICarditis:

  • Pulsus paradoxus
  • ECG changes
  • Rub
  • Increased JVP
  • Chest pain [worse on inspiration, better when lean forward]
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Pick’s disease: location, action, epidemiology

  • Pick axes are Picking away at the old woman’s cerebral cortex, causing cortical atrophy.
  • 2 pick axes on her brain: frontal lobe and anterior 1/3 of temporal.
  • An old woman, since epidemiology is elderly & more common in women.
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Pheochromocytoma: 3 most common symptoms: “PHEochromocytoma”:

  • Palpitations
  • Headache
  • Edisodic sweating (diaphoresis)
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Parkinsonism: essential features: TRAPS:

  • Tremor (resting tremor)
  • Rigidity
  • Akinesia
  • Postural changes (stooped)
  • Stare (serpentine stare)

To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped.

    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Pyrogenic meningitis: likeliest bug in age group: “Explaining Hot Neck Stiffness”:

In order from birth to death:

  • E. coli [infants]
  • Haemophilus influenzae [older infants, kids]
  • Neisseria meningitis [young adults]
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae [old folks]
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Pancoast tumor: relationship with Horner’s syndrome: “Horner has a MAP of the Coast“:

  • A panCoast tumor is a cancer of the lung apex that compresses the cervical sympathetic plexus, causing Horner‘s syndrome, which is
  • MAP:
  • Miosis
  • Anhidrosis
  • Ptosis
    • Author: Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School

 

Pneumothorax: presentation: P-THORAX:

  • Pleuretic pain
  • Trachea deviation
  • Hyperresonance
  • Onset sudden
  • Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
  • Absent fremitus
  • X-ray shows collapse
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Pulmonary embolism: risk factors : TOM SCHREPFER:

  • Trauma
  • Obesity
  • Malignancy
  • Surgery
  • Cardiac disease
  • Hospitalization
  • Rest [bed-ridden]
  • Elderly
  • Past history
  • Fracture
  • Estrogen [pregnancy, post-partum]
  • Road trip
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation: Morphology is poly-C:

  • Cysts
  • Capsule thickened
  • Cortical stromal fibrosis
  • ­ Clinical presentation is OVARY:
  • Obese
  • Virilism or hirsutism
  • Amenorrhoea
  • Reproductive problem [infertile]
  • Young woman
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Paget’s disease of bone: signs and symptoms: Four L’s:

  • Larger hat size
  • Loss of hearing: due to compression of nerve
  • Leontiasis ossea (lion-like face)
  • Light-headed (Paget’s steal)
    • Author: Marc Miller Sackler School of Medicine

R

Renal failure (chronic): consequences: ABCDEFG:

  • Anemia

-due to less EPO

  • Bone alterations

-osteomalacia

-osteoporosis

-von Recklinghausen

  • Cardiopulmonary

-atherosclerosis

-CHF

-hypertension

-pericarditis

  • D vitamin loss
  • Electrolyte imbalance

-sodium loss/gain

-metabolic acidosis

-hyperkalemia

  • Feverous infections

-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards

  • GI disturbances

-haemorrhagic gastritis

-peptic ulcer disease

-intractable hiccups

    • Author: Plussind Siriraj Medical University, Thailand

 

Renal failure: causes: AVID GUT:

  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • Vascular obstruction
  • Infection
  • Diffuse intravascular coagulation
  • Glomerular disease
  • Urinary obstruction
  • Tubulointerstitial nephritis
    • Author: Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

 

Respiratory distress syndrome in infants: major risk factors : PCD (Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a cause of Respiratory distress syndrome):

  • Prematurity
  • Cesarean section
  • Diabetic mother
    • Author: Shebrain Cairo University

S

Sarcoidosis summarized: SARCOIDOISIS:

  • Schaumann calcifications
  • Asteroid bodies/ [ACE] increase/ Anergy
  • Respiratory complications/ Renal calculi/ Restrictive lung disease/ Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Calcium increase in serum and urine/ CD4 helper cells
  • Ocular lesions
  • Immune mediated noncaseating granulomas/ [Ig] increase
  • Diabetes insipidus/ [D] increase/ Dyspnea
  • Osteopathy
  • Skin (Subcutaneous nodules, erythema nodosum)
  • Interstitial lung fibrosis/ IL-1
  • Seventh CN palsy
    • Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

 

Scrotum masses : SHOVE IT:

  • Spermatocele
  • Hydrocele/ Haematocele
  • Orchitis
  • Varicocele
  • Epidymal cyst
  • Indirect inguinal hernia
  • Torsion/ Tumor
    • Author: Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

T

Takayasu’s disease is Pulseless disease: “Can’t Tak’a ya pulse” (Can’t take your pulse):

  • Takayasu’s disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities.
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs : FAT RN:

  • Fever
  • Anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Renal problems
  • Neurologic dysfunction
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

TTP: clinical features: Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together:

  • Platelet count low
  • Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
  • Renal failure
  • Temperature rise
  • Neurological deficits
  • ER admission (as it is an emergency)
    • Author: Anthony Chan

 

Thyroid carcinoma: features, prognosis of most popular: Most Popular is P

  • ­ Clinical features:
  • Papillae (branching)
  • Palpable lymph nodes
  • “Pupil” nuclei (Orphan Annie)
  • Psammoma bodies within lesion (often)
  • ­ Also, has a Positive Prognosis (10 year survival rate: 98%).
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Thyroid storm characteristics : “Storm HITS girls cAMP“:

  • Thyroid storm due to:
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Infection or Illness at childbirth
  • Trauma
  • Surgery
  • ­ girls: Thyroid storm more common in females.
  • ­ cAMP: Tx involves high dose of beta blockers (beta receptors work via cAMP)

Alternatively: “S#IT storm“: Surgery, Hyperthyroidism, Infection/ Illness, Trauma.

    • Author: Sung H. Kim & Lior Greenberg

 

Tabes Dorsalis morphology: DORSALIS:

  • Dorsal column degeneration
  • Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
  • Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
  • Shooting pain
  • Argyll-Robertson pupils
  • Locomotor ataxia
  • Impaired proprioception
  • Syphilis
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Tuberous sclerosis: presenting features: “Zits, Fits, Deficits“:

  • Fits: seizures
  • Deficits: neurological deficits
    • Author: Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

 

Turner syndrome: components: CLOWNS:

  • Cardiac abnormalities (specifically Coartication)
  • Lymphoedema
  • Ovaries underdeveloped (causing sterility, amenorrhea)
  • Webbed neck
  • Nipples widely spaced
  • Short
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

TB: features: TB is characterised by 4 C’s:

  • Caseation
  • Calcification
  • Cavitation
  • Cicatrization
    • Author: Sameh Shehata Asst. Prof of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt

U

Ulcerative colitis: features: ULCERATIONS:

  • Ulcers
  • Large intestine
  • Carcinoma [risk]
  • Extraintestinal manifestations
  • Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps]
  • Abscesses in crypts
  • Toxic megacolon [risk]
  • Inflamed, red, granular mucosa
  • Originates at rectum
  • Neutrophil invasion
  • Stools bloody
    • Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

V

Virchow’s triad (venous thrombosis): “VIRchow”:

  • Vascular trauma
  • Increased coagulability
  • Reduced blood flow (stasis)
    • Author: Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

 

Von Hippel-Lindau: signs and symptoms: HIPPEL:

  • Hemanigoblastomas
  • Increased renal cancer
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Port-wine stains
  • Eye dysfunction
  • Liver, pancreas, kidney cysts
  • ­ Bare bones version: Hippel-Lindau, with H and L as above.
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

W

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: symptom triad: “PET WASP”:

  • Pyrogenic infections
  • Eczema
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • ­ WASP is the name of the causitive agent: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein.
  • ­ Alternatively: Wiskott=Hot, Aldrich=Itch, Syndrom=Throm.
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Wernicke-Korsakoff’s psychosis: findings: COAT RACK:

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (acute phase):

  • Confusion
  • Ophthalmoplegia
  • Ataxia
  • Thiamine tx.

Korsakoff’s psychosis (chronic phase):

  • Retrograde amnesia
  • Anterograde amnesia
  • Confabulation
  • Korsakoff’s psychosis
    • Author: HBV Morehouse School of Medicine
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