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Home Mnemonics

Pharmacology Mnemonics

Dr.NM Tamilmani by Dr.NM Tamilmani
August 27, 2021
in Mnemonics
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Pharmacology Mnemonics


4

4-Aminopyradine (4-AP) use: “4-AP is For AP“:

  • For AP (action potential) propagation in Multiple Sclerosis.
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

A

Adrenoceptors: vasomotor function of alpha vs. beta: ABCD:

  • Alpha = C
  • Beta = D
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Antiarrhythmics: class III members: BIAS:

  • Bretylium
  • Ibutilide
  • Amiodarone
  • Sotalol
    • Author: Harsh Sharma and Robert O’Connor BJMC, Pune, India and University College Dublin

 

Anticholinergic side effects: “Know the ABCD’S of anticholinergic side effects”:

  • Anorexia
  • Blurry vision
  • Constipation/ Confusion
  • Dry Mouth
  • Sedation/ Stasis of urine
    • Author: Youngrin Kim University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

 

Antimuscarinics: members, action: “Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat”:

  • Ipratropium
  • Pirenzepine
  • Atropine
  • Scopolamine
  • _ Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.
    • Author: Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School

 

Aspirin: side effects: ASPIRIN:

  • Asthma
  • Salicyalism
  • Peptic ulcer disease/ Phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature closure of PDA
  • Intestinal blood loss
  • Reye’s syndrome
  • Idiosyncracy
  • Noise (tinnitus)
    • Author: Chetan Wasekar, MBBS KEM Hospital

 

Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy: MCAT:

  • Metronidazole
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Aminoglycoside
  • Tetracycline
    • Author: Kyongbin Baek
  • Asthma drugs: leukotriene inhibitor action: zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase
  • zIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor
    • Author: Mumtaz Ali Shah 2000 graduate, Khyber Medical College, Pakistan

 

Antirheumatic agents (disease modifying): members: CHAMP:

  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine
  • Auranofin and other gold compounds
  • Methotrexate
  • Penicillamine
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Auranofin, aurothioglucose: category and indication

  • Aurum is latin for “gold” (gold’s chemical symbol is Au).
  • Generic Aur- drugs (Auranofin, Aurothioglucose) are gold compounds.
  • _ If didn’t learn yet that gold’s indication is rheumatoid arthritis, AUR- Acts Upon R
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

B

Beta-blockers: main contraindications, cautions : ABCDE:

  • Asthma
  • Block (heart block)
  • COPD
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Electrolyte (hyperkalemia)
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers: “Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem” (because he has a runny nose…):

  • Timolol
  • Pindolol
  • Hismolol
  • Naldolol
  • Propranolol
    • Author: Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

 

Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure): LOT:

  • Lorazepam
  • Oxazepam
  • Temazepam
    • Author: Lorne Basskin Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

 

Benzodiazepenes: antidote: “Ben is off with the flu“:

  • Benzodiazepine effects off with Flu
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Benzodiazepenes: drugs which decrease their metabolism: “I‘m Overly Calm”:

  • Isoniazid
  • Oral contraceptive pills
  • Cimetidine
  • _ These drugs increase calming effect of BZDs by retarding metabolism.
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Benzodiazepines: actions: “Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle”:

  • Sedation
  • anti-Convulsant
  • anti-Anxiety
  • Muscle relaxant
  • Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.
    • Author: Sung H. Kim

 

Beta 1 selective blockers: “BEAM ONE up, Scotty”:

  • Beta 1 blockers:
  • Esmolol
  • Atenolol
  • Metropolol
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin: Action: “Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can’t be the released”:

  • Related bungarotoxin: “Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alpha-bungarotoxin–alpha has different mechanism).
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Busulfan: features: ABCDEF:

  • Alkylating agent
  • Bone marrow suppression s/e
  • CML indication
  • Dark skin (hyperpigmentation) s/e
  • Endrocrine insufficiency (adrenal) s/e
  • Fibrosis (pulmonary) s/e
    • Author: Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX

 

Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location: “You have 1 heart and 2 lungs“:

  • Beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart.
  • Beta-2 primarily on lungs.
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

C

Captopril (an ACE inhibitor): side effects: CAPTOPRIL:

  • Cough
  • Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
  • Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
  • Taste changes
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
  • Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
  • Indomethacin inhibition
  • Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
    • Author: Chetan Wasekar MBBS KEM Hospital

 

Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects: If you know these, you will be “LESS DUMB“:

  • Lacrimation
  • Excitation of nicotinic synapses
  • Salivation
  • Sweating
  • Diarrhea
  • Urination
  • Micturition
  • Bronchoconstriction
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Cancer drugs: time of action between DNA->mRNA: ABCDEF:

  • Alkylating agents
  • Bleomycin
  • Cisplastin
  • Dactinomycin/ Doxorubicin
  • Etoposide
  • Flutamide and other steroids or their antagonists (eg tamoxifen, leuprolide)
    • Author: Sung Hoon Kim El Paso, TX

D

Diuretics: thiazides: indications: “CHIC to use thiazides”:

  • CHF
  • Hypertension
  • Insipidous
  • Calcium calculi
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Delerium-causing drugs: ACUTE CHANGE IN MS:

  • Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin)
  • Cardiac drugs (digoxin, lidocaine)
  • Urinary incontinence drugs (anticholinergics)
  • Theophylline
  • Ethanol
  • Corticosteroids
  • H2 blockers
  • Antiparkinsonian drugs
  • Narcotics (esp. mepridine)
  • Geriatric psychiatric drugs
  • ENT drugs
  • Insomnia drugs
  • NSAIDs (eg indomethacin, naproxin)
  • Muscle relaxants
  • Seizure medicines
    • Author: Muhammad Asif Iqbal Resident, SLU, MO

 

Direct sympathomimetic catecholamines: DINED:

  • Dopamine
  • Isoproterenol
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Dobutamine
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

E

Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring: EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa.

  • Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT.
    • Author: Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwala

 

Etoposide: action, indications, side effect: “eTOPoside”:

  • _ Action:
  • Inhibits TOPoisomerase II
  • _ Indications:
  • Testicular carcinoma
  • Oat cell carcinoma of lung
  • Prostate carcinoma

_ Side effect:

  • Affects TOP of your head, causing alopecia
    • Author: Milixa Fortuna UAG Medical Student

G

Gynaecomastia-causing drugs [ID 1798]: DISCOS:

  • Digoxin
  • Isoniazid
  • Spironolactone
  • Cimetidine
  • Oestrogens
  • Stilboestrol
    • Author: Nasseri University of Sheffield

H

Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis: “Very Angry Hepatocytes”:

  • Valproic acid
  • Acetaminophen
  • Halothane
    • Author: Calvin Sy University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

 

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interactions: HMG–CoA:

_ Side effects:

  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]

_ Contraindications:

  • Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children

_ Interactions:

  • Coumarin/ Cyclosporine
    • Author: Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujranwala

 

Hypertension: treatment: ABCD:

  • ACE inhibitors/ AngII antagonists (sometimes Alpha agonists also)
  • Beta blockers
  • Calcium antagonists
  • Diuretics
    • Author: LW Mason 4th Year Medical Student

I

Inhalation anesthetics: SHINE:

  • Sevoflurane
  • Halothane
  • Isoflurane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Enflurane

_ If want the defunct Methoxyflurane too, make it MoonSHINE.

    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Ipratropium: action

  • Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine.
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

K

K+ increasing agents: K-BANK:

  • K-sparing diuretic
  • Beta blocker
  • ACEI
  • NSAID
  • K supplement
    • Author: Anthony Chan

L

Lupus: drugs inducing it: HIP:

  • Hydralazine
  • INH
  • Procanimide
    • Author: Hodge/Gupta LSU Medicine FirmI

 

Lead poisoning: presentation: ABCDEFG:

  • Anemia
  • Basophilic stripping
  • Colicky pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Encephalopathy
  • Foot drop
  • Gum (lead line)
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Lithium: side effects: LITH:

  • Leukocytosis
  • Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
  • Tremor/ Teratogenesis
  • Hypothyroidism
    • Author: Robert O’Connor and Rinku Uberoi

M

MAOIs: indications: MAOI‘S:

  • Melancholic [classic name for atypical depression]
  • Anxiety
  • Obesity disorders [anorexia, bulemia]
  • Imagined illnesses [hypochondria]
  • Social phobias

_ Listed in decreasing order of importance.

_ Note MAOI is inside MelAnchOlI

    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Methyldopa: side effects: METHYLDOPA:

  • Mental retardation
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Tolerance
  • Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
  • psYcological upset
  • Lactation in female
  • Dry mouth
  • Oedema
  • Parkinsonism
  • Anaemia (haemolytic)
    • Author: Yazeed A. Oqaili King Saud University Medical College

 

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: members: “PIT of despair”:

  • Phenelzine
  • Isocarboxazid
  • Tranylcypromine

_ A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression.

    • Author: Derek Obayashi Chicago Medical School

 

Morphine: effects: MORPHINES:

  • Miosis
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Respiratory depression
  • Pain supression
  • Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations
  • Increased ICT
  • Nausea
  • Euphoria
  • Sedation
    • Author: Chetan Wasekar, MBBS KEM Hospital

 

Morphine: effects at mu receptor: PEAR:

  • Physical dependence
  • Euphoria
  • Analgesia
  • Respiratory depression
    • Author: Robert Copeland Howard University College of Medicine

 

Metabolism enzyme inducers: “Randy’s Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes“:

  • Rifampin
  • Barbiturates
  • Carbamazepine
  • Grisoefulvin
  • Phenytoin
  • Phenobarb
  • Smoking cigarettes
    • Author: Brad

 

Morphine: side-effects: MORPHINE:

  • Myosis
  • Out of it (sedation)
  • Respiratory depression
  • Pneumonia (aspiration)
  • Hypotension
  • Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention)
  • Nausea
  • Emesis
    • Author: Tony Duffy Medical Student Glasgow

N

Narcotic antagonists

  • The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and NA

_ Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.

    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Nitrofurantoin: major side effects: NitroFurAntoin:

  • Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy)
  • Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
  • Anemia (hemolytic anemia)
    • Author: Joshua Goh Unimas: University Malaysia Sarawak

O

Osmotic diuretics: members: GUM:

  • Glycerol
  • Urea
  • Mannitol
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

P

Patent ductus arteriosus: treatment: “Come In and Close the door”:

  • INdomethacin is used to Close
    • Author: Milixa Fortuna UAG Medical Student

 

Propranolol and related ‘-olol’ drugs: usage

  • “olol” is just two backwards lower case b’s.
  • Backward b’s stand for “beta blocker”.

_ Beta blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol.

    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Propythiouracil (PTU): mechanism: It inhibits PTU:

  • Peroxidase/ Peripheral deiodination
  • Tyrosine iodination
  • Union (coupling)
    • Author: Atif Farooq Khawaja and Mediha Farooq Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan/ Gujranwala

 

Parkinsonism: drugs: SALAD:

  • Selegiline
  • Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)
  • L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)
  • Amantadine
  • Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)
    • Author: Harsh Sharma

 

Phenytoin: adverse effects: PHENYTOIN:

  • P-450 interactions
  • Hirsutism
  • Enlarged gums
  • Nystagmus
  • Yellow-browning of skin
  • Teratogenicity
  • Osteomalacia
  • Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
  • Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache
    • Author: Ram Mohan SVRR Hospital Tirupathi, India

 

Physostigmine vs. neostigmine: LMNOP:

  • Lipid soluble
  • Miotic
  • Natural
  • Orally absorbed well
  • Physostigmine
  • _ Neostigmine, on the contrary, is:
  • Water soluble
  • Used in myesthenia gravis
  • Synthetic
  • Poor oral absorption
    • Author: Manpreet Saini GMC Amritsar

 

Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine: “MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat“:

  • Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine).
  • Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

R

Respiratory depression inducing drugs: “STOP breathing”:

  • Sedatives and hypnotics
  • Trimethoprim
  • Opiates
  • Polymyxins
    • Author: Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

 

Ribavirin: indications: RIBAvirin:

  • RSV
  • Influenza B
  • Arenaviruses (Lassa, Bolivian, etc.)
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

T

TB: antibiotics used: STRIPE:

  • STreptomycin
  • Rifampicin
  • Isoniazid
  • Pyrizinamide
  • Ethambutol
    • Author: Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

S

Steroid side effects: CUSHINGOID:

  • Cataracts
  • Ulcers
  • Skin: striae, thinning, bruising
  • Hypertension/ Hirsutism/ Hyperglycemia
  • Infections
  • Necrosis, avascular necrosis of the femoral head
  • Glycosuria
  • Osteoporosis, obesity
  • Immunosuppression
  • Diabetes
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Steroids: side effects: BECLOMETHASONE:

  • Buffalo hump
  • Easy bruising
  • Cataracts
  • Larger appetite
  • Obesity
  • Moonface
  • Euphoria
  • Thin arms & legs
  • Hypertension/ Hyperglycaemia
  • Avascular necrosis of femoral head
  • Skin thinning
  • Osteoporosis
  • Negative nitrogen balance
  • Emotional liability
    • Author: Rob Cambridge University

 

SIADH-inducing drugs: ABCD:

  • Analgesics: opioids, NSAIDs
  • Barbiturates
  • Cyclophosphamide/ Chlorpromazine/ Carbamazepine
  • Diuretic (thiazide)
    • Author: Anthony Chan

 

Sulfonamide: major side effects: Sulfonamide side effects:

  • Steven-Johnson syndrome
  • Skin rash
  • Solubility low (causes crystalluria)
  • Serum albumin displaced (causes newborn kernicterus and potentiation of other serum albumin-binders like warfarin)
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Serotonin syndrome: components: Causes HARM:

  • Hyperthermia
  • Autonomic instability (delirium)
  • Rigidity
  • Myoclonus
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Sodium valproate: side effects: VALPROATE:

  • Vomiting
  • Alopecia
  • Liver toxicity
  • Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
  • Retention of fats (weight gain)
  • Oedema (peripheral oedema)
  • Appetite increase
  • Tremor
  • Enzyme inducer (liver)
    • Author: Joshua Goh Unimas: University Malaysia Sarawak

 

SSRIs: side effects: SSRI:

  • Serotonin syndrome
  • Stimulate CNS
  • Reproductive disfunctions in male
  • Insomnia
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Succinylcholine: action, use

  • Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore.
  • You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

T

  • Thrombolytic agents: USA:
  • Urokinase
  • Streptokinase
  • Alteplase (tPA)
    • Author: Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

 

Tricyclic antidepressants: members worth knowing: “I have to hide, the CIA is after me”:

  • Clomipramine
  • Imipramine
  • Amitrptyline

_ If want the next 3 worth knowing, the DNDis also after me:

  • Desipramine
  • Norrtriptyline
  • Doxepin
    • Author: Enrique Cifuentes University Autonomus of Guadalajara

 

Tricyclic antidipressents (TCA): side effects: TCA’S:

  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Cardiac (arrhymia, MI, stroke)
  • Anticholinergic (tachycardia, urinary retention, etc)
  • Seizures
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

 

Therapeutic index: formula: TILE:

  • TI = LD50 / ED50
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Torsades de Pointes: drugs causing: APACHE:

  • Amiodarone
  • Procainamide
  • Arsenium
  • Cisapride
  • Haloperidol
  • Eritromycin
    • Author: Flavio Nacul Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

 

Teratogenic drugs: major non-antibiotics: TAP CAP:

  • Thalidomide
  • Androgens
  • Progestins
  • Corticosteroids
  • Aspirin & indomethacin
  • Phenytoin
    • Author: Manpreet GMC Amritsar

 

Tetracycline: teratogenicity

  • TEtracycline is a
  • TEratogen that causes staining of
  • TEeth in the newborn.
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

V

Vir-named drugs: use: “-vir at start, middle or end means for virus”:

  • _ Drugs: Abacavir, Acyclovir, Amprenavir, Cidofovir, Denavir, Efavirenz, Indavir, Invirase, Famvir, Ganciclovir, Norvir, Oseltamivir,
  • Penciclovir, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Valacyclovir, Viracept, Viramune, Zanamivir, Zovir
    • Author: Robert O’Connor University College Dublin

 

Vigabatrin: mechanism: Vi-GABA–Tr–In:

  • Via GABA Transferase Inhibition
    • Reference: http://medicalmnemonics.com/

W

Warfarin: action, monitoring: WePT:

  • Warfarin works on the extrinsic pathway and is monitored by PT.
    • Author: Marcus James Fidel Medical Student, University of New Mexico

 

Warfarin: metabolism: SLOW:

_ Has a slow onset of action.

_ A quicK Vitamin K antagonist, though.

  • Small lipid-soluble molecule
  • Liver: site of action
  • Oral route of administration.
  • Warfarin
    • Author: Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

Z

Zero order kinetics drugs (most common ones): “PEAZ (sounds like pees) out a constant amount”:

  • Phenytoin
  • Ethanol
  • Aspirin
  • Zero order

_ Someone that pees out a constant amount describes zero order kinetics (always the same amount out)

    • Author: UHS-COM

 

Zafirlukast, Montelukast, Cinalukast: mechanism, usage: “Zafir-luk–ast, Monte-luk–ast, Cina-luk–ast“:

  • _ Anti-Lukotrienes for Ast
  • _ Dazzle your oral examiner: Zafirlukast antagonizes leukotriene-4.
    • Author: Oisin and Robert O’Connor UCC and University College Dublin
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